Blog

tar and archives manipulation

2016-07-25T00:00:00+02:00

Archives and their manipulation

Archives files (.tar) allow to group together files and folder and their respective attributes in a single file.

You have to note that the options of tar utility can be passed without the habitual preceding dash -.

General options

The f option (like file) will be used to select the archive file to use for the operation. If not specified, the data are written directly on the STDOUT (creation) and read from STDIN (extraction).

During the creation and extraction of archives the v option (like verbose) allow the display of files that will be included/extracted by tar.

Creation

To create the archive, you need to use the c option (like create). Therefore to archive the test folder in test.tar:

$ tar cvf test.tar test

Extraction

The extraction itself use the x option (like in extract). Therefore to extract the test.tar archive :

$ tar xvf test.tar

Compressed archives

`gzip` compressed archives

The majority of archives are compressed and had the extension .tar.gz. They are archive files (.tar) that are then compressed by the gzip utility (.gz). Archive creation and extraction are done in two successive steps. To facilitate the use of compression, tar can directly use gzip with the z option.

To compress at creation our folder in a compress archive test.tar.gz:

$ tar czvf test.tar.gz test

And to uncompress it:

$ tar xzvf test.tar.gz

Other compressions

The archive files can be compressed by several compression algorithm. However, tar allow easily the use of some common algorithms by simply passing an option as for gzip:

bzip2, with j option (extension .bzip2)
lzma, with J option (extension .xz)
lzip, with --lzip option (extension .lzip)

Automatic detection of compression algorithm

To remember the different options for the different compression algorithms is not always easy. tar as a very nice option (a) that allows automatically to determine the right algorithm depending on the extension of the file.

Therefore to easily compress with gzip:

$ tar cavf test.tar.gz test

Or with bzip2:

$ tar cavf test.tar.bzip2 test

Delete duplicate messages in Mutt

2014-01-29T13:13:59+01:00

Duplicated message in a mail box could append when consolidating to mailbox or only by mistake. Since each message is identified by an unique message-id while sending, duplicated message have the same message-id, and therefore can be easily identified.

To identify them with mutt, you need to configure it to thread duplicated messages together when sorting by threads. This is done through the duplicate_threads configuration variable. If active, the duplicated messages will be marked with an = in the thread diagram.

To activate it, put in your .muttrc the following line:

set duplicate_threads = yes

or type in mutt :set duplicate_threads = yes. To check if it is active, type in mutt :set ?duplicate_threads.

Know to identify the duplicated messages you can use the ~= pattern and use it for marking or deleting them.

For example to tag all the duplicated messages type T for tagging according to a pattern and then ~= to select the duplicated messages in the folder. If you want to delete them use D for deleting according to a pattern and then ~= to select the duplicated messages in the folder.

Sources

Xerox Phaser 6010N on Debian 64bits, the multiarch way

2013-03-03T20:34:06+01:00

Xerox gives the drivers only for 32bits Linux boxes. We already saw how install it with the help of the 32bits libraries (Xerox Phaser 6010N on Debian 64bits). However this method is now depreciate in favour of the multiarch possibility.

AMD64 processor are able to run any 32 bits programs. That why the installation of a 32 bits OS is possible on that architecture (i386). Recently Debian provide the possibility to had additional architecture to the OS. I the case of amd6' architecture it will allow the installation of i386 packages on the system.

By default, a 64 bits package will be installed. They are uncompress in specific folder link to he architecture. Links to the classical emplacements. In adding the i386 architecture, we will create an other emplacement to put the corresponding package. This will allow us to run i386 software and libraries on the amd64.

Adding i386 architecture

Add the i386 architecture:

# dpkg --add-architecture i386

Update the package to take into account the i386 ones:

# apt-get update

Installation of the Xerox drivers

Go to Xerox web site to download the Phaser 6010 deb package on the Linux page. Select English as language since the complete drivers are only available in English.

To install it:

# dpkg -i xerox-phaser-6000-6010_1.0-1_i386.deb

Note that you do not need to force the architecture since to i386.

The installation will complain about an unmet dependency:

Sélection du paquet xerox-phaser-6000-6010 précédemment désélectionné.
(Lecture de la base de données... 298522 fichiers et répertoires déjà installés.)
Dépaquetage de xerox-phaser-6000-6010 (à partir de .../xerox-phaser-6000-6010_1.0-1_i386.deb) ...
dpkg: des problèmes de dépendances empêchent la configuration de xerox-phaser-6000-6010 :
xerox-phaser-6000-6010 dépend de libcups2 (>= 1.2.7) | libcupsys2 (>= 1.2.7) | libcupsys2-gnutls10 (>= 1.1.23-1) ; cependant :
Le paquet libcups2:i386 n'est pas installé.

dpkg: erreur de traitement de xerox-phaser-6000-6010 (--install) :
problèmes de dépendances - laissé non configuré
Des erreurs ont été rencontrées pendant l'exécution :
xerox-phaser-6000-6010

To solve it, we just need to install it:

# apt-get install libcups2:i386

Configure the printer

Install and configure the printer with the proposed Xerox driver.

In cups configure it as an AppSocket/HP JetDirect printer. Enter the IP of your printer and use the port 9100 as follow: socket://192.168.1.1:9100. Give a name, a description and location to the printer In the driver selection select Xerox as manufacturer and Xerox Phaser 6010N as model.

Sources

Multiarch HOWTO on Debian wiki

SyncML and Horde

2012-10-02T00:39:15+02:00

Horde is a groupware framework that combine a lot of PIM data. One of the major problem with PIM data is to get them synchronized among different device. One of the most used to do so is SyncML that allow the two-way synchronization of PIM. Horde embeds a SyncML interface.

evolution and its PIM data storage

syncevolution is a software that allow the synchronization of the data contained inside the evolution PIM data management software through SyncML. However, there is no need to install evolution software to be able to synchronize the data, the storage used is independent to the presence or not of evolution and is using widely used standard like iCalendar files for calendars.

By default, they are stored in ~/.local/share/evolution/ directories. For example calendars are stored in the calendar sub-folder and tasks in the tasks sub-folder, each of them as an unique iCalendar file (respectively ~/.local/share/evolution/calendar/system/calendar.ics and ~/.local/share/evolution/tasks/system/tasks.ics)

Installation

On Debian, syncevolution is packaged. Therefore, to install it :

# apt-get install syncevolution

It will also install [[!debpkg evolution-data-server]] package that will the handling of the data in the format used by evolution.

By default, syncevolution will synchronized the data between the different peers and the evolution database. We will see how to synchronized it with Horde database.

The first thing is to create a new peer. For that we will use a template. To get the list of all templates available just enter the following command:

$ syncevolution --template ? test

You can put what ever you want after the ? but something should be specified otherwise you will get an error. Maybe a bug of the version used.

It should return something like this:

[INFO]
[INFO] Available configuration templates (clients and servers):
[INFO]    template name = template description
[INFO]    eGroupware = http://www.egroupware.org
[INFO]    Funambol = http://my.funambol.com
[INFO]    Google_Calendar = event sync via CalDAV, use for the 'target-config@google-calendar' config
[INFO]    Google_Contacts = contact sync via SyncML, see http://www.google.com/support/mobile/bin/topic.py?topic=22181
[INFO]    Goosync = http://www.goosync.com/
[INFO]    Memotoo = http://www.memotoo.com
[INFO]    Mobical = https://www.everdroid.com
[INFO]    Nokia_N900 = Template for all Nokia phones which support contacts, notes and combined tasks+events
[INFO]    Oracle = http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/beehive/index.html
[INFO]    Ovi = http://www.ovi.com
[INFO]    ScheduleWorld = server no longer in operation
[INFO]    Sony_Ericsson_K750i = Template for old Sony Ericsson phones, with separate databases for contacts/events/tasks/memos and SyncML 1.1
[INFO]    Sony_Ericsson_W595 = Template for all current Sony Ericsson phones, with separate databases for contacts/events/tasks/memos and SyncML 1.2
[INFO]    SyncEvolution = http://www.syncevolution.org
[INFO]    SyncEvolution_Client = SyncEvolution server side template
[INFO]    Synthesis = http://www.synthesis.ch
[INFO]    WebDAV = contact and event sync using WebDAV, use for the 'target-config@<server>' config
[INFO]    Yahoo = contact and event sync using WebDAV, use for the 'target-config@yahoo' config

Configuration of the access to the Horde server.

No template already exist for Horde, but the one for Funambol is working nicely with minor adaptations. To create a new pear called MyHorde based on Funambol template just run the following command:

$ syncevolution --template Funambol MyHorde

It will set up several files and folders under the ~/.config/syncevolution/default/peers/MyHorde folder.

First edit config.ini to setup the main connexion to the SyncML server of Horde.

The first value to change is syncURL that specify the URL of the SyncML server. Just addaped it to fit your horde server:

syncURL = https://my.server.com/horde3/rpc.php

Then set the username to be used to connect to the server and finally choose to set up the password either as plain text in the configuration as the name of an environmental variable or as nothing to be asked for each synchronization.

Adaptation of the names of the PIM resources

Inside the sources/ are configured the different PIM data that can be synchronized. syncevolution is able to synchronize the address book, the calendar, the memos and the todo list each of them configured in the config.ini file of the corresponding folder.

Two main variables are set in these different files the first one sync specify if the resource should be sync and how (one way, two-way, etc…). The second one uri give the name of the resource on the server.

Here are the setting I tested:

addressbook and memo:

sync = disabled

calendar with

sync = two-way
uri = event

todo with

sync = two-way
uri = task

To launch the synchronization simply launch syncevolution with the name of the profile to use:

$ syncevolution MyHorde

That is!

Source

Howto install SyncML enabled Horde 3.3 from Debian squeeze

SOCK proxy for any application (Flash)

2012-09-12T01:00:13+02:00

Normally the plugins launch inside the web browser are using the proxy settings of the browser. However, the Flash plugin is not taking it into account, if it manage to find a direct Internet connexion. Therefore even your web browsing is going through the proxy all the connexion initiated inside the Flash plugin are not going through it, that may prevent the connexion if proxy is the only way to go out or change the IP of connexion preventing a correct service.

proxchains the wrapping of all connexion of a program to a proxy

To work around it, a solution is to use a SOCKS wrapping library to wrap any calls to the network stack with SOCKS wrappers and send them through the proxy. proxychain is such a tool. To install it:

# sudo apt-get install proxychains

You can configure it in /etc/proxychains.conf file. For example to use the SOCK 5 proxy running on localhost listening on port 8080:

dynamic_chain

tcp_read_time_out 15000
tcp_connect_time_out 10000

[ProxyList]
socks5 127.0.0.1 8080

SSH as a SOCK proxy

The classic way to have a SOCK 5 proxy server running locally is a SSH tunnel that is launch with the -D port option:

$ ssh -D 8080 user@server.net

This way all connexion going locally will be going out on server.net. The connexion need to be running so the launch application can use it.

Loading of the wrapping for a program

proxychains manage to capture all the network calls by loading a specific wrapping around the network call function. The easiest way to do it is just to run the proxychains program followed by the name of the program which connexion need to be pass to the proxy. For example to launch Iceweasel:

$ proxychains iceweasel

Resources

LanguageTool for Vim

2012-06-07T13:52:33+02:00

LanguageTool is an Open Source style and grammar proofreading software. It is a good complement to the spell checking program already in use in a lot of software.

It is written in Java and aimed to be integrated easily in OpenOffice.org/LibreOffice as a plugin. But it can also be used as a stand-alone GUI application, embedded in other Java applications or as a server service.

It exists also a command line interface that can be integrated as a tool inside Vim.

LanguageTool installation

First of all download the last version of LanguageTool form its website. It is under the form of a OpenOffice.org/LibreOffice plugin, so with an .oxt extension. In fact it is a zip archive and for installing it you need to unzip it in the folder of your choice. In our example we will install it in ~/lib/LanguageTool directory.

$ mkdir -p ~/lib/LanguageTool
$ mv LanguageTool-1.7.oxt ~/lib/LanguageTool/
$ cd ~/lib/LanguageTool
$ unzip LanguageTool-1.7.oxt

To be able to run it you will need the version 6 of Java. Therefore if you do not already have it just install it:

# apt-get install openjdk-6-jre

Installation of the Vim binding

Thanks to Dominique Pellé a Vim plugin exist to be able to run LanguageTool from within Vim.

Download the last version from its description page and install it on your .vim directory:

$ mkdir -p ~/.vim
$ cd ~/.vim
$ unzip /path-to/LanguageTool.zip
$ vim -c 'helptags ~/.vim/doc'

Then you need to define the path to LanguageTool.jar inside your .vimrc:

let g:languagetool_jar=$HOME . '/lib/LanguageTool/LanguageTool.jar'

Use of LanguageTool inside Vim

You need to specify the language of your text inside Vim with command spelllang. For example to set the language to French enter :set spelllang=fr.

To run LanguageTool on the current buffer just run :LanguageToolCheck. If you use the example text of LanguageTool:

Paste your own text here... or check this text too see a few of the problems
that that LanguageTool can detect. Did you notice that their is no spelcheckin
included?

Which should give you an output like this:

# java -jar /home/tblein/lib/LanguageTool/LanguageTool.jar -c utf-8 -d WHITESPACE_RULE,EN_QUOTES -l en --api /tmp/vtjmKYQ/3

Error:      1/2 (TOO_TO:1) @ 1L 48C
Message:    Did you mean 'to see'?
Context:    ...ste your own text here... or check this text too see a few of the problems that that LanguageTool...
Correction: to see

Error:      2/2 (THEIR_IS:1) @ 2L 21C
Message:    Did you mean 'there'?
Context:    ...LanguageTool can detect. Did you notice that their is no spelcheckin included?
Correction: there

Resources

Xerox Phaser 6010N on Debian 64bits

2012-04-30T22:22:38+02:00

Xerox gives the drivers only for 32bits Linux boxes. The installation of the drivers under 64bits is not strait forward, therefore here is a small guide on how to install a Xerox Phaser 6010N on Debian Wheezy 64bits (amd64). It should work similarly on any Squeeze box.

For the inpatients

Here is the fast content:

install core 32bits libraries (ia32bits);
install manually a 32bits version of the libcupsimage2 library in /usr/lib32/;
install the Xerox Phaser 6010 32bits package;
configure the printer with the driver.

Installation of 32bits libraries

If not already done install the core 32bits libraries on your 64bits installation with the following command:

# apt-get install ia32-libs

Installation of the Xerox drivers

Go to Xerox web site to download the Phaser 6010 deb package on the Linux page. Select English as language since the complete drivers are only available in English.

To install it you need to force the architecture since it is a 32bits (i386) package:

# dpkg -i --force-architecture xerox-phaser-6000-6010_1.0-1_i386.deb

Configure the printer

Install and configure the printer with the proposed Xerox driver. Normally until know you should not get any error. However when trying to print it cannot success.

In Cups logs you can see that a library is missing: libcupsimage.so.2

Installation of a 32bits version of libcupsimage2

libcupsimage is not included by default in the 32bits library of Debian therefore you will need to install it by hand. For that just go to Debian web site and download the 32bits package of libcupsimage2

Uncompress it in a temporary folder (ia32 for example) with the following command

$ dpkg -X libcupsimage2_1.5.2-5_i386.deb ia32/

You need then to copy the library at its correct place as root (/usr/lib32):

# cp ia32/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libcupsimage.so.2 /usr/lib32/

To take it into account you need to update the library used by the dynamic linker just run the following command as root:

# ldconfig

You can launch another print and that time it should work.

You have to be careful since the library was not installed with the package manager therefore it will not be automatically updated.

PDF manipulation on command line

2012-04-26T10:23:16+02:00

Tools

Pdftk a general command line tool box
PDFjam a set of shell script using the pdfpages LaTeX package for pdf processing

Command examples

Combines different pdf in one (Pdftk)

Fixed list the order of input file is important, combine 1.pdf, 2.pdf and 3.pdf in 123.pdf

$ pdftk 1.pdf 2.pdf 3.pdf cat output 123.pdf

All the pdf of the directory by alphabetic order in all.pdf file:

$ pdftk *.pdf cat output all.pdf

Puts several page on one sheet (PDFjam)

Two page per sheet on top of each other

$ pdfnup --nup 1x2 input.pdf

Two page per sheet on side by side

$ pdfnup --nup 2x1 input.pdf

Sources

Official Pdftk examples

Lenteur avec le driver ath9k et le noyau 2.6.38 en wifi 802.11n

2011-05-12T00:00:00+02:00

Le passage au noyau 2.6.38 a une conséquence fâcheuse pour les cartes wifi utilisant le module ath9k en 802.11n: une diminution drastique du débit. Voici comment y remédier temporairement. Ce problème ne semble pas apparaître lors de l'utilisation d'autre norme que le wifi 802.11n comme le 802.11g.

Il suffit de créer le fichier de configuration du module ath9k /etc/modprobe.d/ath9k.conf et y mettre la ligne suivante:

options ath9k nohwcrypt=1

Un rechargement du module ou un redémarage de l'ordinateur devrait résoudre le problème.

Sources

Configuration de carte wifi à base de chipset ISL38xx

2009-02-16T00:00:00+01:00

Pour ces cartes wifi, le driver Prism54 pour linux est nécessaire. Pour fonctionner un firmware doit être charger sur la carte wifi. Les modules Prism54 sont inclus dans le noyau linux, il suffit juste d'installer le firmware.

Le projet Prism54

Il existe plusieurs partie pour faire fonctionner la carte wifi:

islsm un driver linux supportant les cartes à base de ISL3886/ISL3887 (également connus sous le nom de cartes newmacs ou softmac).
FreeMAC un firmware sous licence GPL pour toute les cartes à base de puce Conexant.

Firmware

Les prérequis pour utiliser le driver sont un noyau 2.6 ainsi que hotplug. Le firmware à utiliser est à copier dans le repertoire /usr/lib/hotplug/firmware/. l'ensemble des firmware pour les différentes cartes sont disponibles sur le site du projet Prism54.

Dans le cas d'une clé USB de première génération il faut utilisé le driver 2.5.6.0 et le copié sous le nom isl3890usb.
Dans le cas d'une clé USB de deuxième génération il faut utilisé le driver 2.5.8.0 et le copié sous le nom isl3887usb.
Dans le cas d'une carte PCI ou PCMCIA il faut utilisé le driver 2.7.0.0 et le copié sous le nom isl3886.

En cas de doute il suffit de copier l'ensemble des firmwares, le driver choisira le bon lors de l'initialisation de la carte.

Sources

Configuration du son d'une carte ATI azalia

2009-02-16T00:00:00+01:00

Ordinateur Dell Latitude D531, carte son ATI SBx00 azalia, debian Lenny: pas de son... Solution: la carte fonctionne avec des drivers ALSA pour Suse. Voici les étapes à suivre.

Télécharger les dernières versions

Il s'agit de télécharger les dernières versions d'alsa-lib, alsa-utils et alsa-driver:

(on suppose que ces fichiers ont été sauvegardés dans ~/downloads)

Copier ces fichiers dans les bons répertoires

Taper dans la console:

# mkdir -p /usr/src/alsa
# cd /usr/src/alsa
# cp ~/downloads/alsa* .
# tar xjf alsa-driver*.bz2
# tar xjf alsa-lib*.tar.bz2
# tar xjf alsa-utils*.tar.bz2

Remplacer les * par les noms exacts des fichiers téléchargés

Compiler et installer alsa-driver

# cd alsa-driver*
# ./configure --with-cards=hda-intel --with-kernel=/usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)
# make
# make install

Compiler et installer alsa-lib

# cd ../alsa-lib*
# ./configure
# make
# make install

Compiler et installer alsa-utils

# cd ../alsa-utils*
# ./configure
# make
# make install

Enfin rebooter. Et au démarrage, le son est là!!

Sources

Sauvegarde de fichiers avec Rsync

2009-02-16T00:00:00+01:00

La sauvegarde de fichiers a toujours été un des points a ne pas négliger. Personne n'est à l'abri d'une défaillance qui entraîne une perte de données. Le logiciel Rsync permet de facilité cette tache. Nous allons voir ici comment le mettre en oeuvre.

Rsync

Rsync est un utilitaire open source qui permet de synchroniser des fichiers et répertoires entre deux endroits en minimisant le transfert de données. En effet Rsync ne transfert que la différence entre deux séries de fichiers.\ Il est téléchargeable sur le site officiel ou est accessible via le gestionnaire de paquet de votre distribution.

Sauvegarde dans un autre répertoire du même ordinateur

Rsync est un logiciel en ligne de commande et s'utilise simplement comme ceci:

rsync [OPTION] /repertoire/origine/ /repertoire/sauvegarde/

Remplacez bien entendu /repertoire/origine/ par le répertoire que vous voulez sauvegarder et ;code:/repertoire/sauvegarde/ par le répertoire ou sera stocké la copie de sauvegarde.

Les différentes options peuvent être obtenue via la page de manuel de Rsync (man Rsync). Nous allons voir les principales:

`-r, --recursive`	permet d'agir sur les différents sous-répertoires
`-l, --links`	copie les liens symboliques comme des liens symboliques
`-p, --perms`	conserve les permissions
`-t, --times`	conserve les dates de modification des fichiers
`-g, --group`	conserve le groupe du fichier
`-o, --owner`	conserve le propriétaire du fichier
`-a, --archive`	mode archive équivalent à -rlptgoD
`--delete`	supprime les fichiers du répertoire de destination quand ils sont absent du répertoire d'origine
`-v, --verbose`	mode verbeux: rsync dit tout ce qu'il fait

A l'aide de ces options vous pouvez facilement faire une copie de vos fichiers d'un répertoire vers un autre.

Sauvegarde incrémentale

Rsync vous permet de sauvegarder les fichiers modifiés ou supprimés. Vous obtenez cette action en utilisant l'option -b ou --backup. Par défaut le fichier modifié est renommé en y ajoutant un suffixe ~ ainsi le fichier exemple.txt sera sauvegarder en exemple.txt~. Vous pouvez changer ce suffixe via l'option --suffix=SUFFIX.

Les sauvegardes des fichiers peuvent être déplacés dans un autre répertoire que vous pouvez spécifier à l'aide l'option --backup-dir=DIR. Dans ce cas le suffixe n'est pas ajouté au fichier sauvegardé sauf si vous le précisez.A l'aide de cette dernière option et avec un petit script vous pouvez mettre en place une sauvegarde incrémentale. C'est à dire qu'à chaque sauvegarde de fichier modifié ou supprimé se fait dans un répertoire différent:

rsync -av --delete -b --backup-dir=/repertoire/sauvegarde/`date +%Y-%m-%d` \
    /repertoire/origine/ /repertoire/sauvegarde/

A chaque sauvegarde un répertoire de sauvegarde est créé dans /repertoire/sauvegarde/ de la forme annee-mois-jour.

Sauvegarde distante

Nous avons vu jusqu'à maintenant la sauvegarde dans un autre dossier du même ordinateur. Rsync permet également de faire des sauvegarde sur un ordinateur distant comme un serveur de sauvegarde par exemple. L'ordinateur distant doit avoir rsync installé pour que cela fonctionne. Pour cela il peut utiliser une connexion SSH:

rsync -av ssh /repertoire/origine utilisateur@serveur:/repertoire/sauvegarde/

Le mot de passe de l'utilisateur sera demandé comme pour toute connexion SSH.

Vous pouvez aussi mettre en place une connexion SSH sans mot de passe (par comparaison de clés) pour pouvoir automatiser la sauvegarde.

Blog

tar and archives manipulation

Archives and their manipulation

General options

Creation

Extraction

Compressed archives

gzip compressed archives

Other compressions

Automatic detection of compression algorithm

Delete duplicate messages in Mutt

Sources

Xerox Phaser 6010N on Debian 64bits, the multiarch way

Adding i386 architecture

Installation of the Xerox drivers

Configure the printer

Sources

SyncML and Horde

evolution and its PIM data storage

Installation

Configuration of the access to the Horde server.

Adaptation of the names of the PIM resources

Source

SOCK proxy for any application (Flash)

proxchains the wrapping of all connexion of a program to a proxy

SSH as a SOCK proxy

Loading of the wrapping for a program

Resources

LanguageTool for Vim

LanguageTool installation

Installation of the Vim binding

Use of LanguageTool inside Vim

Resources

Xerox Phaser 6010N on Debian 64bits

For the inpatients

Installation of 32bits libraries

Installation of the Xerox drivers

Configure the printer

Installation of a 32bits version of libcupsimage2

PDF manipulation on command line

Tools

Command examples

Combines different pdf in one (Pdftk)

Puts several page on one sheet (PDFjam)

Sources

Lenteur avec le driver ath9k et le noyau 2.6.38 en wifi 802.11n

Sources

Configuration de carte wifi à base de chipset ISL38xx

Le projet Prism54

Firmware

Sources

Configuration du son d'une carte ATI azalia

Télécharger les dernières versions

Copier ces fichiers dans les bons répertoires

Compiler et installer alsa-driver

Compiler et installer alsa-lib

Compiler et installer alsa-utils

Sources

Sauvegarde de fichiers avec Rsync

Rsync

Sauvegarde dans un autre répertoire du même ordinateur

Sauvegarde incrémentale

Sauvegarde distante

Sources

`gzip` compressed archives